34 Facts About Rose O’Neal Greenhow

Early Life and Background

Rose O'Neal Greenhow was a fascinating figure in American history. Her life was filled with intrigue, espionage, and a deep commitment to her beliefs.

1. Born in 1813, Rose O'Neal Greenhow grew up in Maryland, a state with strong Southern sympathies.
2. She was orphaned at a young age, which led her to live with her aunt in Washington, D.C.
3. Rose received an education that was rare for women at the time, which helped her later in life.

Marriage and Social Standing

Rose's marriage and social connections played a significant role in her later activities as a spy.

4. In 1835, she married Dr. Robert Greenhow, a prominent physician and historian.
5. The couple had eight children, though only four survived to adulthood.
6. Rose became a well-known socialite in Washington, D.C., mingling with influential politicians and military leaders.

Espionage Activities

Rose O'Neal Greenhow's most notable contributions came during the Civil War, where she became a Confederate spy.

7. She was recruited by Confederate President Jefferson Davis to gather intelligence in Washington, D.C.
8. Rose used her social connections to obtain valuable information about Union military plans.
9. She passed along critical intelligence that contributed to the Confederate victory at the First Battle of Bull Run.

Arrest and Imprisonment

Her espionage activities did not go unnoticed by Union authorities.

10. In 1861, Rose was placed under house arrest by Allan Pinkerton, head of the Union Intelligence Service.
11. Despite being under surveillance, she continued to send coded messages to the Confederacy.
12. She was eventually imprisoned in the Old Capitol Prison, where she remained for several months.

Later Life and Death

Even after her release, Rose continued to support the Confederate cause.

13. In 1862, she was deported to the South, where she received a hero's welcome.
14. Rose traveled to Europe to garner support for the Confederacy and wrote a memoir about her experiences.
15. She died in 1864 when the blockade runner she was on ran aground near Wilmington, North Carolina.

Legacy and Impact

Rose O'Neal Greenhow's life left a lasting impact on American history.

16. Her memoir, "My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington," provides a unique perspective on the Civil War.
17. Rose is remembered as one of the most effective Confederate spies.
18. Her story has been the subject of numerous books, articles, and even a television documentary.

Personal Traits and Skills

Rose's personal attributes and skills contributed significantly to her success as a spy.

19. She was known for her charm and intelligence, which helped her gain the trust of Union officials.
20. Rose was fluent in French, which aided her in communicating with European supporters.
21. She had a keen understanding of military strategy and politics, making her intelligence reports highly valuable.

Relationships and Connections

Her relationships and connections were crucial to her espionage activities.

22. Rose was friends with many prominent figures, including John C. Calhoun and James Buchanan.
23. She used her friendship with Senator Henry Wilson to gather information about Union plans.
24. Her daughter, Little Rose, also played a role in her espionage activities by delivering messages.

Recognition and Honors

Despite her controversial role, Rose has been recognized for her contributions.

25. In 1993, the United Daughters of the Confederacy erected a monument in her honor in Wilmington, North Carolina.
26. Her name is included on the Confederate Roll of Honor.
27. Rose's story is taught in many history classes as an example of the complexities of the Civil War.

Controversies and Criticisms

Rose's actions have also been the subject of controversy and criticism.

28. Some historians argue that her intelligence reports were exaggerated in their importance.
29. Others criticize her for supporting the Confederacy and its pro-slavery stance.
30. Despite these criticisms, her bravery and dedication are widely acknowledged.

Cultural Depictions

Rose O'Neal Greenhow has been depicted in various cultural works.

31. She is a character in the historical novel "The Spymistress" by Jennifer Chiaverini.
32. Rose's life was dramatized in the television series "The Civil War" by Ken Burns.
33. Her story has inspired numerous plays and reenactments, keeping her legacy alive.

Final Resting Place

Rose's final resting place is a testament to her enduring legacy.

34. She is buried in Oakdale Cemetery in Wilmington, North Carolina, where her grave remains a site of historical interest.

The Legacy of Rose O'Neal Greenhow

Rose O'Neal Greenhow's life was nothing short of extraordinary. As a Confederate spy, she played a pivotal role in the American Civil War, using her charm and intelligence to gather crucial information. Her daring exploits and unwavering dedication to her cause made her a significant figure in history. Despite facing numerous challenges, including imprisonment, she remained steadfast in her mission. Her story is a testament to the power of conviction and the impact one individual can have on the course of history. Greenhow's legacy continues to inspire and intrigue, reminding us of the complexities and nuances of the past. Whether viewed as a hero or a traitor, her contributions to the Civil War era are undeniable. Her life serves as a powerful reminder of the lengths people will go to for their beliefs and the lasting mark they can leave on the world.