35 Facts About James A. Garfield

Early Life and Education

James A. Garfield, the 20th President of the United States, had a life filled with interesting and lesser-known facts. Let's dive into some of the most fascinating aspects of his early years and education.

1. Born on November 19, 1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, Ohio, Garfield's humble beginnings shaped his character and values.
2. His father, Abram Garfield, died when James was just 18 months old, leaving his mother, Eliza Ballou Garfield, to raise him and his siblings alone.
3. Garfield worked as a canal boat driver during his teenage years, earning money to support his family and fund his education.
4. He attended Geauga Seminary in Chester, Ohio, where he excelled in academics and developed a passion for learning.
5. Garfield later enrolled at the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (now Hiram College) in Hiram, Ohio, where he worked as a janitor to pay for his tuition.
6. He graduated from Williams College in Massachusetts in 1856, earning a degree in classics and becoming the first member of his family to graduate from college.

Military Career

Garfield's military career during the Civil War showcased his leadership skills and bravery. Here are some key facts about his time in the military.

7. Garfield joined the Union Army in 1861, starting as a lieutenant colonel in the 42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry.
8. He quickly rose through the ranks, becoming a brigadier general by 1862 due to his strategic prowess and leadership abilities.
9. Garfield played a crucial role in the Battle of Middle Creek, where his leadership helped secure a Union victory against Confederate forces.
10. He served as Chief of Staff to Major General William S. Rosecrans, providing valuable strategic advice during the Battle of Chickamauga.
11. Garfield's military service earned him the respect of his peers and helped launch his political career.

Political Career

Garfield's political journey was marked by significant achievements and contributions to the nation. Let's explore some key moments from his political career.

12. Elected to the Ohio State Senate in 1859, Garfield began his political career advocating for anti-slavery policies and educational reform.
13. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1862, where he served for 17 years, becoming a prominent Republican leader.
14. Garfield was a strong advocate for civil rights and worked to protect the rights of freed slaves during Reconstruction.
15. He played a key role in the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments, which granted citizenship and voting rights to African Americans.
16. Garfield was a vocal opponent of the spoils system, advocating for civil service reform to ensure government positions were filled based on merit rather than political connections.

Presidency

Garfield's presidency, though tragically short, was marked by significant events and initiatives. Here are some notable facts about his time in office.

17. Garfield was elected as the 20th President of the United States in 1880, defeating Democratic candidate Winfield Scott Hancock.
18. He was the only sitting member of the House of Representatives to be elected president.
19. Garfield's inauguration on March 4, 1881, was attended by a large crowd, eager to witness the beginning of his presidency.
20. He appointed James G. Blaine as Secretary of State, signaling his commitment to a strong foreign policy.
21. Garfield advocated for civil service reform, pushing for the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act to reduce corruption in government hiring practices.
22. He supported education and sought to improve the nation's public school system, believing that education was key to the country's future.

Assassination and Legacy

Garfield's assassination cut his presidency short, but his legacy endures. Here are some important facts about his tragic death and lasting impact.

23. On July 2, 1881, Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a disgruntled office seeker, at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C.
24. The bullet lodged in Garfield's body, and despite efforts to remove it, he succumbed to his injuries on September 19, 1881, after 79 days of suffering.
25. Garfield's death led to increased public support for civil service reform, culminating in the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883.
26. His assassination highlighted the need for better medical practices, as many believe that the unsanitary conditions and improper medical care contributed to his death.
27. Garfield's funeral was attended by thousands of mourners, reflecting the nation's grief and admiration for their fallen leader.
28. He was buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio, where a monument was later erected in his honor.

Personal Life and Interests

Garfield's personal life and interests reveal a multifaceted individual with a deep love for learning and family. Here are some intriguing facts about his personal life.

29. Garfield married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and the couple had seven children together.
30. He was an avid reader and had a personal library of over 3,000 books, covering a wide range of subjects.
31. Garfield was a skilled orator, known for his powerful speeches and ability to captivate audiences.
32. He enjoyed intellectual pursuits, including studying ancient languages and mathematics.
33. Garfield was a devout Christian and often incorporated his faith into his speeches and writings.
34. He was a talented artist, known for his detailed sketches and drawings.
35. Garfield's love for learning and education inspired his children, many of whom pursued successful careers in academia and public service.

Garfield's Legacy Lives On

James A. Garfield's life was a whirlwind of achievements and challenges. From humble beginnings to becoming the 20th President of the United States, his journey is nothing short of inspiring. He was a scholar, a Civil War hero, and a dedicated public servant. Despite his short presidency, Garfield's impact on civil service reform and his commitment to education left a lasting mark.

His tragic assassination cut his promising career short, but his legacy endures. Garfield's story reminds us of the power of perseverance, education, and public service. His contributions to American history are still remembered and celebrated today.

So, next time you think about U.S. presidents, give a nod to James A. Garfield. His life, though brief, was filled with remarkable achievements and lessons that continue to resonate.